Book Review: The Checklist Manifesto by Atul Gawande



What is in common between all the following?

  • surgeries involving multiple complications (and hence multiple specialists),
  • sophisticated aircrafts,
  • building skyscrapers, and
  • disease control in slums exposed to multiple sources of infection.

Complexity.

Atul Gawande is renowned surgeon. However, his reputation as a surgeon has gradually been eclipsed by that of him as a celebrity author. In this book, he addresses the challenge of extreme complexity. Most of the examples for complexity in this book are in his domain – health care. He also tells us stories involving: a passenger aircraft when engines inexplicably stalled; the builders of an unusually designed skyscraper who realize it had a fatal design flaw; surgeries in various operating rooms around the globe; threats and challenges created by a natural disaster. What is the single tool that can enhance your chance of success in these diverse conditions? The humble checklist.

Gawande builds up his case by starting by describing complexity in the operating room. Conditions that would have been considered irreversible or fatal a few decades ago are now handled by advances in medical science. No one person can master all these advances. A team of medical professionals who specialize in amazingly small niche areas work on a treating a single patient. But the collection of these amazing talents comes at a price - complexity. The larger the team, the more tangled the wires of communication.

This not unlike the builder’s profession. The master builder of the 18th century Europe could design and a building and coordinate the work of various specialists to get it built. Modern skyscrapers far exceed the capacity of the single individual to mastermind their construction. You need more than a smart master builder to coordinate the work of architects, designers, plumbers and electricians to build constructs that would have been considered impossible two hundred years ago. The scale of what is possible has grown considerably; and so has the price that we have to pay, should things go wrong.

There was a pivotal event that resulted in this book. Gawande receives a phone call from Geneva, from someone who works for the World Health Organization. Would he agree to host a forum to improve the surgical safety in the operating rooms worldwide? After some persuasion, he agrees to convene a meeting to start looking for answers. The benefit of working for WHO is access to all the data. Professionals from around the world meet, share their stories, and launch a pilot program to observe and improve the surgical conditions round the world.

The progress of the program is interwoven with more stories of complexity and what works and what doesn’t. The stories are well chosen and well told. The common thread is commitment to checklists, customization of the checklist to local conditions, and communication among participants.

He shares the results of the program that spans various continents, cultures and economic conditions. The results are nothing short of miraculous. The checklist works!

I expected the book to end with a story of heroism where Gawande turns a hopeless situation around using his new weapon, the checklist. He surprises us with a story of his mistake that almost turns fatal. A nurse saves the day due to her diligence. It was the checklist and a nurse that are given credit for the final win. Gawande surprises you again, with his humility.

I find the book a timely refresher for people like me in software development, when everyone in the industry is preoccupied with technical advancements. When your development engineers have to work with technical specialists, user experience engineers, dev-ops engineers, vendors and infrastructure providers, in addition to managing an already complex schedule, and unforgiving SLA agreements, what can you do to minimize the chances of messing up? Does it get any worse if the people involved are geographically spread out? How negotiable are the rules when the local conditions vary? I believe Atul Gawande has provided the answers.

I highly recommend this book.

(Originally published in LinkedIn, February 2019 by Anand Kannan)

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